题面据 IMO Shortlist 可核档案整理;中文题意为本站自译,公式请以原始来源为准。
players participated in a tennis tournament. Any two players have played exactly one game, and there was no tie game. We call a company of four players bad if one player was defeated by the other three players, and each of these three players won a game and lost another game among themselves. Suppose that there is no bad company in this tournament. Let and be respectively the number of wins and losses of the th player. Prove that (South Korea)
玩家参加了网球锦标赛。任意两名选手只打一场比赛,并且没有平局。如果一个玩家被其他三名玩家击败,并且这三名玩家各自赢了一场比赛并输掉了另一场比赛,我们称四名球员为坏人。假设这次比赛没有坏公司。设和分别为第个玩家的获胜次数和失败次数。证明 (韩国)
提示 1
先决定对象是什么:集合、图、排列、颜色、路径,还是一次操作后的状态。
提示 2
找一个极端对象、双计数式、不变量,或把限制转成图上的局部条件。
提示 3
把局部限制累加成全局矛盾,或给出覆盖全部情形的构造。
完整解答
这页先给题面、题型和提示阶梯,完整证明留给读者逐步展开。2010 年 IMO Shortlist C5 可先归入组合:第一步把题设翻成对象、条件、目标三行;第二步沿提示寻找不变量、标准构型或关键变形;第三步补齐边界情形,并回到题目原要求核对。
这题适合先独立想一轮再打开提示。不要急着搜索完整解答,先问自己:题面里最硬的限制是哪一句?